Urban traffic accidents are among the most significant safety and public health challenges in metropolitan areas, and the physical characteristics of the urban environment play a decisive role in their occurrence and severity. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the physical characteristics of streets and land use types with the number of urban accidents in Tehran during 2023. Accident data were obtained from the Traffic Police, while land use information and accessibility indices were collected from the Tehran Municipality and organized in a GIS environment. The research methodology is based on quantitative analysis and simple linear regression modeling for each independent variable separately. The results indicated that residential, commercial, and cultural–religious–tourism land uses have a positive and significant relationship with the increase in the number of accidents, whereas sports, educational, green space, and street network development land uses are associated with a reduction in accidents. Other land uses, including healthcare, administrative, industrial–transportation, and vacant lands, showed no significant relationship. The findings highlight the necessity of considering the type and extent of land use in traffic safety planning. It is recommended that corrective measures such as improving street design, managing vehicle stopping and movement, and enhancing pedestrian safety be implemented in high-risk land uses. Moreover, the development of green spaces, sports facilities, and street networks is suggested as an effective strategy for reducing the risk of urban accidents.